Bilimsel Raporlar

2001, Hiperaktivite (109 kişi) Sally Brockett (IDEA Training Center) USA

Hiperaktivite durumunda etkiyi görmek için ABC değerlendirmesine göre (Aberrant Behavior Checklist) değerlendirme yapıldı. Açık klinik araştırma. Linkteki grafikte, 1 ay sonrasından başlayıp 9 aya uzanan süreçte hiperaktivitenin azalışını göstermektedir. Hiperaktivitenin yok oluşu yanında, yarıdan fazla çocuk başka konularda ciddi pozitif ilerlemeler gösterdi. %55 ilerleme kaydedildi.www.ideatrainingcenter.com

2001, Dikkat Dağınıklığı (48 çocuk) Sally Brockett (IDEA Training Center) USA

(The Attention Deficit Disorders Evaluation Scale) ADD ölçüsüne göre Berard AIT Uygulamasından sonraki gelişim linkindeki grafikte görülmektedir. Hızlı değişimler ilk 3 ayda görülmüş olup, yüzde olarak ortalama %24 bir gelişim kaydedilmiştir. Çocukların yarısı daha üstün bir gelişim gösterirken diğer yarısında daha düşük bir gelişim kaydetmiştir.
www.ideatrainingcenter.com

2001, Duyusal Bozukluk (14 çocuk) SallyBrockett (IDEA Training Center) USA

2001 yılında, Sally Brockett (IDEA Training Center) değişik tanıları olan 14 çocuk ile bir çalışma yaptı. Araştırma, veliler tarafından söylenen gelişimleri izlemek ve raporlamak amacını taşıyordu. Çocuklara Berard AIT Programı uygulandı. Aileler değerlendirme listesini Berard AIT öncesi ve 1-3-6 ay sonrasında tekrar değerlendirdi. Değerlendirme listesinde şu konular yer aldı: Duyusal algı bozuklukları, denge bozuklukları, dokunulmak istenmemesi, kendini kontrol edebilmesi, oyun sırasında ekip çalışmasına katılabilmek vb. 6 aylık gelişim sonucunda %79 başarı görülmüştür.www.ideatrainingcenter.com

2000-2001, İŞİTME Nİ KALİTESİ İLE ÖĞRENME BECERİSİ ARASINDAKİ BAĞLANTI MARIA VEGA, (İSPANYA)
158 öğrenci katılımında açık klinik bir araştırma
Hedef:
Odyolojik test sonuçlarına göre öğrencilerin akademik performanslarının düşük ya da yüksek olduğunu anlayabilmek.
Uygulama:
158 öğrencinin sınıftaki durumları ve akademik performansları hakkında bilgi alınmadan odyolog tarafından her öğrenciye işitsel test yapılıyor.
Sonuç:

İşitsel test sonuçlarına göre isimleriyle hangi öğrencilerin sınıfta başarılı olduğu görülebiliyor. Düşük performanslı öğrencilerin hangileri olduğu odyolojik teste göre anlaşılıyor. Tahmin etmede başarı sonucu %92,9 ila %94,7 arasında. Bu da işitsel algı ile öğrenme arasındaki bağı güçlü bir şekilde ortaya koyuyor. 

1999, Pilot study: Effects of Berard AIT on 10 children with ADHD, Prof Wayne Kirby (USA, North Carolina) 
PROF. KIRBY tarafından kontrol gruplu bir araştırma, 1999
Konu:
Dürtü ve dikkat eksikliği
Sonuç:
3 ay sonra kontrol grubu aynı seviyede kalmış, işitsel algı eğitimi alan çocuklar hatalarını 37 birimden 5’e indirmiştir.

2000, 5 yıl AIT VOLUNTAS Raporu, Dr Roland De Beuckelear, (Antwerp, Belçika)

Antwerp 2000 IABP Konferansı’nda sunulan rapor. Personel ve veliler ile yapılan bir çalışma: VOLUNTAS Rehabilitasyon Merkezi Antwerp, Belçika’dan raporlarla açık klinik bir çalışma. 17 kişi; karışık yaş, normal, özel okula giden grup, 3-25 yaş, ya da kuruma katıldı. Otizm ile 7 kişi ve autistiform (otistik benzeri) belirtileri veya yüksek işlevli bireylerden katılan 10 kişi.

Aşağıdaki çizelgede Berard AIT önce ve 3 ay sonraki değerlendirme görülmektedir.

1991, Pilot proje / Dr. Rimland & Edelson – Autism Research Institute Çift kör deney (Double blind) şeklinde yürütülen çalışmada 17 otistik çocuk yer aldı, yaş aralığı 4-21. Deney ve kontrol gruplarına katılımcılar rastgele atandı.

Sonuç:
İstatistiksel olarak anlamlı değişiklikler ABC’de (Anormal Davranış Kontrol Listesi) gözlemlendi.

Figür 1. Sayı farkı ABC’de AIT ve kontrol gruplarının zaman çizelgesi (2 hafta, 1 ay, 2 ay, 3 ay). Daha düşük sayı, daha az sorun anlamına gelir.Irritability t (7) = 2.524 (P< .05)

/Sinirlilik/
Stereotypy t (7) = 4.352 (P< .01)
/Stereotipi/
Hyperactivity t (7) = 2.113 (P< .05)
/Hiperaktivite/
Excessive speech t (7) = 3.871 (P< .01)
/Gereksiz (boş) konuşma/
İstatistiksel olarak anlamlı değişiklikler FAPD’de (Fisher’in İşitsel Problemi Kontrol Listesi)

Figür 1. Sayı farkı FAPC’de AİT ve kontrol gruplarının zaman çizelgesi (2 hafta, 1 ay, 2 ay, 3 ay) Daha düşük sayı, daha az sorun anlamına gelir.

"cannot attend to auditory stimuli more than a seconds" t(7) = 2.04 (P < .05)
İşitsel stimuliye dikkat etme süresi bir saniyeden fazla değil / İşitsel dikkati bir saniyeden fazla sürmüyor.
“Basit günlük rutinleri günden güne hatırlamıyor.” t (7) = 2.04 (P < .05)
“Basit günlük rutinleri ertesi gün unutuyor.”
“frequently misunderstands what is said” t (7) = 2.393 (P< .05)
/Genellikle söylenleri yanlış anlıyor/
“has a short attention span” t (7) = 2.648 (P< .05)
/Kısa bir dikkat süresi vardır/
/İstatistiksel olarak anlamlı değişiklikler/
Dinleme ve anlama
İşitsel hafıza ve anlama /
İşitsel uyaranlara dikkat artışı /
Rutin şeyleri ertesi gün hatırlama / bellek

1994, DR BERNARD RIMLAND&STEPHEN EDELSON, AUTISM RESEARCH INSTITUTEUSA, S.DIEGO,
/American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 1994, 5, 16-24/

(Publ Journal of American Speech-Language-Hearing Assoc May 1994) Project 1994 Drs Rimland & Edelson – Autism Research Institute
Open clinical study, 445 autistic subjects randomly assigned to three different AIT devices.
Significant changes occurred in sound sensitivity.
ABC (Aberrant Behavior Checklist), CRS (Conners´ Rating Scale) and FAPC (Fisher´s Auditory Problems Checklist) checklist were completed by parents.
Significant reduction in problem behaviors also occurred
Açık klinik çalışma, rastgele üç farklı AIT cihazlara atanan 445 otistik kişiler.
İstatistiksel olarak anlamlı değişiklikler: Sese karşı aşırı duyarlılığın önemli derecede azalması.
ABC, CRS ve FAPC kontrol listesi veliler tarafından tamamlanmıştır.
İstatistiksel olarak anlamlı değişiklikler: Sorun yaşanan davranışlarda anlamlı derecede düşüş de görüldü.

1999, Dr. Rimland & Edelson: Auditory Integration Training – A Double-Blind Study of Behavioral, Electrophysiological Effects in People with Autism – Autism Research Institute,

19 otizmli kişi 2 gruba rastgele seçilmiş. I grubu işlenmiş müziği dinlemiş. C grubu aynı müziği işlenmeden dinlemiş (plasebo etkisi). İstatistiksel olarak anlamlı davranışsal değişiklikler ABC listesine göre I grubunda görülmüş. Elektrofizyolojik: I grubundaki 3 denek ve C grubundaki 2 denek (P300 ERP) elektrofizyolojik deneyini tamamlayabilmiş. I grubundaki deneklerde AIT’den 3 ay sonra, işitsel P300 ERP’da dramatik gelişmeler görülmüş. C grubunda (plasebo etkisi) hiçbir gelişme gözlemlenmemiş. 

(Auditory Integration Training: A Double-Blind Study of Behavioral, Electro-physiological, and Audiometric Effects in Autistic Subjects

Stephen M. Edelson, Deborah Arin, Margaret Bauman, Scott E. Lukas, Jane H. Rudy, Michelle Sholar, and Bernard Rimland

Autism Research Institute, San Diego, CA; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA; and Upper Valley Medical Centers, Troy, OH

Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 1999, 14, 73-81

Nineteen autistic subjects were assigned at random to either the experimental group (n=9), which listened to AIT-processed music, or a placebo group (n=10), which listened to the same, but unprocessed, music. All evaluations were ‘blind’ to group assignment. Behavioral, electro-physiological, and audiometric measures were assessed prior to and following AIT. Behavioral: A significant improvement was observed in behavioral problems (using the ABC-1) in the experimental group at the 3-month follow-up assessment. Electrophysiological: Of the 19 subjects, three experimental group and two placebo group subjects were able to cooperate with the auditory P300 Event Related Potential (ERP) task. All five subjects showed abnormal P300 ERPs prior to the AIT listening sessions. Three months following AIT, all three subjects showed a dramatic improvement in their auditory P300 ERP. No improvement was seen in the placebo group. Audiometric: The subjects’ poor communication and attention skills precluded formal statistical evaluation of the data from a battery of audiometric tests; however, an audiologist was able to assign correctly 10 of the 15 subjects for whom partial data were available to the treated and non-treated groups, on a ‘blind’ basis.

Auditory Integration Training and Autism: Two Case Studies
Mark Morgan Brown
Republic of Ireland

British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 1999, 62, 13-18.

British Journal of Occupational Therapy’de yayınlanan ve iki otizmli kardeş ile yapılan bir araştırma. Kardeşlerden biri 5 (erkek) yaşında, diğeri ise 3,5 (kız) yaşında.

Gözlemler 2 ay ve 6 ay sonra yapılmış. Aşağıda detaylı olarak her iki kardeşin gelişim raporları sunulmuştur:

Dikkat, anlamlı etkinliklerde inisiyatif kullanma, bilinç ve duyuların gelişimi, denge ve motor, yerde yerçekimi ile kendini emniyette hissedebilme duygusu, problem davranışlar, dil ve konuşma, sosyal ve duygusal gelişim ve gözkontağı. 

Beş otizmli çocuk ile yapılan Berard AIT pilot araştırma. Prof. Wayne Kirby, Asheville, USA 1999

Andrew, 3 yaşında, kekeme, bazı seslere tepkili (fren yapan araba sesi, bebek ağlaması, motorlu testere, motosiklet ve yüksek müzik).
9.dinletide: Sakinleşme, endişe azalması ve kekemelikte azalma.

3 ay sonra anne/babanın raporu: Hızlı konuşmazsa kekemelik tamamen yok. Tepkide bulunduğu seslere artık tepki vermiyor.

Sam, 6 yaşında, konuşma gecikmesi, bazı seslere aşırı tepki.
10. dinleti sonrası: Telaffuz düzelmesi, sakinleşme ve eskisine göre odaklanmanın daha iyi olması.
11. dinletiden sonra: İlave olarak bazı seslere olan aşırı tepkinin kaybolması.

3 aylık kontrolde: arkadaş edinmeye başlaması, birkaç arkadaşıyla aynı anda oynayabilmeye başlaması, oyun ve dil yeteneğinin artması, yazısının düzelmesi ve pozitif bir gelişim gösterdiği.

Carl, 9 yaşında, ağır otizmli, konuşma hemen hemen hiç yok, sadece ‘mam-mam’ ve sese karşı çok tepkili.

3 aylık kontrolde: Sese karşı aşırı duyarlılık kayboluyor.

Norman, 6 yaşında, otizmli, kimsenin anlayamadığı şekilde tek heceli sesler çıkarıyor, sese aşırı tepkili (elektrikli süpürge, mutfak robotu ve mikrodalga).AIT dinletilerinin daha ortalarında 7 kelimelik cümle kurmaya ve kardeÅŸiyle oyun oynamaya baÅŸlıyor.

Annesi, Norman’ın konuşma dilinin büyük gelişimi yanısıra; anlamasının arttığını, uykusunun düzene girdiğini, sese aşırı tepkisinin azaldığını, sosyalleştiğini, diğer çocuklarla oynamaya başladığını ve AIT’in Norman’ın yaşamında bir dönüm noktası olduğunu bildirdi.

Richard, 4 yaşında, PDD, gecikmiş konuşma ve sese aşırı tepkisini kulaklarını örterek belli etme.

Daha dinletiler sırasında anne Richard’ın sese aşırı tepkisinin azaldığını, Lunaparka gidip oradaki sesleri kaldırebildiğini, sakinleştiğini, olgunlaştığını ve daha sonraki kontrolde; sosyal kuralların farkındalığını, yeni arkadaşlar edinmek istediğini, oyuncaklarını arkadaşları ile paylaşabildiğini, konuşma dilini nüans olarak ilerlettiğini, daha çok kelime kullanmaya başladığını, uzun cümleler kurduğunu rapor etmiştir.
1993, Auditory Integration Training – Two studies – T. Veale – Comprehensive Concepts in Speech and Hearing

Konuşma ve Dinleme

Paper presented at The International ASA Conference on Autism, Toronto 1993

İnternasyonal ASA Otizm Konferansında sunuldu. Toronto 1993

Rapor 1. Çift-kör plasebo pilot çalışmada, deney grubunda beş kişi (I-grubu) ve kontrol grubunda beş kişi (C-grubu) yer aldı. Ebeveynler, gelişim formlarını AIT öncesi, AIT bir ay ve üç ay sonrası olmak üzere değerlendirdiler. ABC (Anormal Davranış Kontrol Listesi), CPRS (Conners Ebeveyn Derecelendirme Ölçeği) ve FAPC (Fisher’s İşitme Sorunları Kontrol Listesi) tamamlandı. Olumlu sonuçlar, AIT’den üç ay sonra yapılan üç değerlendirmede de görüldü.

Rapor 2. AIT alan 46 bireyle yapılan açık klinik çalışmada, ebeveynler ABCCP (Otistik Davranış Bileşik Denetim Listesi ve Profili), ABC, CPRS ve FAPC değerlendirme formlarını doldurdular.

İstatistiksel olarak anlamlı gelişmeler, AIT’ten sonra bir ile altı ay arasında gözlemlendi.

Daha düşük sayı daha az sorun demek.

Daha düşük sayı daha az sorun demek.

Daha yüksek sayı daha az sorun demek.

Strongest changes in both studies:

Problems in sound discrimination

Slow/delayed responset over balstimuli

Learns poorly through the auditory channel

Afraid of new situations

Holds back bowel movements

Clings to parents or other adult

Unhappy

Has no friends

Temper tantrums, explosive and unpredictable behavior

Throws himself around

Things must be done the same way every time

Inattentive, easily distracted

Cannot stand too much excitement

En güçlü değişiklikler:

Sesi algılayıp ayırmadaki sorunlar

Sözlü uyaranlara yavaş/gecikmeli cevap

İşitsel kanalı öğrenmede kullanamama

Yeni durumlarda korku

Bağırsak hareketlerini engelleme

Ebeveyn veya bir yetişkine bağlanma

Mutsuz

Hiç arkadaşı yok

Huysuzluk nöbetleri, fevri ve öngörülemeyen davranış

Kontrolsuz hareketler

Her şeyin aynı zamanda ve aynı şekilde yapılması

Dikkatsizlik, kolayca dikkatin dağılması

Fazla heyecana dayanamama

1999, Auditory Integration Training: One Clinician’s View Jane R. Madell

Long IslandCollegeHospital and State University of New York, Brooklyn

Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 1999, 30, 371-377.
Changes in speech perception were evaluated in several disorders prior to and following AIT. The populations included: autism, pervasive developmental disorder (PDD), multisystem developmental disorder (n=46), attention deficit disorder or attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (n=26), and central auditory processing disorder with leaning disabilities (CAPD/LD, n=46). Subjects’ speech perception was assessed by asking them to recognize words in both quiet and competing noise environments. Improvement in speech perception was documented in both the quiet and noise conditions following AIT. In a second part of this study, uncomfortable loudness thresholds (UCLS) were evaluated in individuals diagnosed with autism (n=24), PDD (n=26), and CAPD (n=10). UCLs also improved in these children following AIT.

Long-Term Effects of AIT Comparing Treated and Non-Treated Children
Donna Geffner, Jay R. Lucker, and Ann Gordon

St. John’s University, Jamaica, NY; and Ann Gordon Associates, Commack, NY

Paper Presented at the Annual Convention of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, Seattle, 1996.

The study involved a one-year follow-up evaluation of children with Attention Deficit Disorder. Those receiving AIT (n=10) were compared to a control group (n=10) which did not receive AIT. Using a tolerance testing procedure for ‘uncomfortable’ listening levels, improvement of 6 dB in the left ear was observed for the AIT group, but no change was observed in those in the control group. No differences were found between the two groups with respect to listening to ‘comfortable’ speech. Additionally, tests evaluating speech recognition in noise and auditory-language processing showed improvement for those in the AIT group but not for those in the control group.

Changes in Unilateral and Bilateral Sound Sensitivity as a Result of AIT
Deborah Woodward

Woodward Audiology, McLeansville, NC

The Sound Connection, 1994, 2, p.4.

Loudness tolerance was investigated in 60 children with autism and related disorders. Uncomfortable loudness level (UCL) measurements were performed prior to and immediately following AIT. Prior to AIT, the results from the left and right monaural presentations (to each ear independently) as well as the binaural presentation (to both ears simultaneously) were much lower than 90 dBHTL, where 90 dBHTL is considered a normal lower limit of UCL. Furthermore, the binaural tolerance to the speech noise was 9 to 11dBHTL less than the monaural tolerance level, where 3 to 6dBHTL is considered normal. Following AIT, the monaural tolerance level to each ear increased 13 to 15 dBHTL, but overall, the monaural and binaural tolerance levels were lower than normal. This increased tolerance to speech noise was statistically significant. In addition, the binaural tolerance level was only 5 dBHTL lower than the monaural sound presentations, indicating a more normal response.

Auditory Integration Training
Jane R. Madell and Darrell E. Rose

Long IslandCollegeHospital, Brooklyn, NY; and Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL

American Journal of Audiology, March, 1994, 14-18.

This study involved an open clinical trial of AIT on four children. Their diagnoses included: autism, PDD, and learning disabilities. Audiograms of all four children showed improvement following AIT (i.e., a decrease in variability). Behavioral improvement was observed in three of the four children. The benefits reported were: increased calmness, decreased sound sensitivity, and improvements in speech/language and word recognition in noise.

Non-Pharmacological Techniques in the Treatment of Brain Dysfunction
Jeffrey M. Gerth, Steve A. Barton, Harold F. Engler, Alyne C. Heller, David Freides, and

Jane Blalock

Georgia Institute of Technology, EmoryUniversity, and the AtlantaSpeechSchool

Technical Report prepared for the GTRI Fellows Council, Georgie Tech Research Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, June, 1994.

This study evaluated the effectiveness of AIT on 10 children with auditory-based learning deficits. Eight of the ten had also been diagnosed as having Attention Deficit Disorder. Subjects were given a series of diagnostic tests, and parents were requested to complete several questionnaires. Two subscales from the Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Educational Battery test were used to evaluate changes in auditory processing. These subscales, the Sound Blending scale and the Incomplete Words scale, indicated an improvement of one standard deviation or more in 4 of the 10 subjects, and moderate improvement in two other subjects. Performance on other criteria (e.g., CPRS and the FAPC) “could not be meaningfully evaluated, given the amount of missing data.”

Auditory Processing Skills and Auditory Integration Training in Children with ADD
Donna Geffner, Jay R. Lucker, Ann Gordon and Dolores A.DiStasio

St. John’s University, Jamaica, NY and Ann Gordon Associates, Stony Brook, NY

Paper Presented at the Annual Convention of the American-Speech-Language Hearing Association, New Orleans, 1994

This study investigated changes in audition and language in 16 children with AD/HD. A large number of tests were employed to evaluate possible changes as a result of AIT. The measures included: standard audiometric threshold testing, tolerance for tones and speech, speech recognition in quiet and noise conditions, and the Goldman-Fristoe-Woodcock (GFW) Test of Auditory Selective Attention. Post-assessments were conducted within 3 months following AIT. Significant improvement was observed in the subjects’ tolerance to tones and speech, speech recognition in the noise condition, and in listening skills as measured by the GFW Auditory Selective Attention Test and several subscales from the Detroit Test of Learning Aptitude (oral commissions, attention span for unrelated words, and attention span for related words).

The Effects of Auditory Integration Therapy on Central Auditory Processing
Brenda Huskey, Kathryn Barnett, and Jacqueline M. Cimorelli

University of North Carolina at Greensboro

Paper presented at the American Speech-Language-Hearing Conference, New Orleans, 1994.

In an experimental study, two auditory processing tasks were administered to six subjects in the AIT treatment group and six subjects in a control group. These tasks included the SSW test and the Phonemic Synthesis Test (PST). Pre- and post-tests were given prior to, and at 4 to 6 weeks, and at 8 to 12 weeks following AIT. For the SSW test, there were no improvements in the subjects 4 to 6 weeks following AIT, but there were improvements on the total score and on the left competing condition at 8 to 12 weeks following AIT. There were no changes in the results from the PST.

Clinical Outcome Evaluation: Auditory Integration Training
Jane H. Rudy, Sharon S. Morgan, and Marianne Shepard

UpperValleyMedicalCenters, Troy, Ohio

Paper presented at the Ohio Speech-Language-Hearing Conference, 1994.

In an open-clinical study, 13 subjects diagnosed with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and/or central auditory processing dysfunction (CAPD) were given a variety of assessments prior to, immediately following, and three months post-AIT. These tests examined hearing acuity, central auditory processing (SSW, SCAN), auditory evoked potentials (i.e., brain waveforms–P200 and P300), language function (CELF-R), and intelligence (TONI). Immediately following AIT, there were significant improvements in the SSW, SCAN, and CELF-R, and no change in the TONI. Three-months post-AIT, there were additional improvements in the SSW and CELF-R, but no further change in the SCAN. There was also a significant improvement in the TONI. An analysis of the P200 waveform indicated a significant change in amplitude but no change in the P300 waveform latency. No significant changes in hearing acuity were detected during any of the assessments.

Ocular Movements Among Individuals with Autism Pre- and Post-Auditory Integration Training
Margaret P. Creedon in collaboration with Stephen M. Edelson and Janice E. Scharre

Easter Seals Therapeutic Day School, Autism Research Institute, and IllinoisCollege of Optometry

Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Association for the Advancement of Behavioral Therapy, New York, 1993.

In an open-clinical study, visual tracking movements and optokineticnystagmus (a visual reflex) were assessed in 22 autistic individuals, ages 6 to 13 years, prior to, immediately following, and three months after AIT. Significant improvements were seen in horizontal tracking immediately following AIT and in both horizontal and vertical tracking three months post AIT. No changes were seen in optokineticnystagmus.

Parents completed the FAPC and the ABC-1. The FAPC indicated significant improvement at 3 months post-AIT, and the ABC-1 indicated significant improvement both immediately following and 3 months post-AIT.

Study of the Effects of AIT in Autism
Dawn Cortez-McKee and JaakPanksepp

Bowling Green State University, Ohio

Paper presented at the Annual NW Ohio Autism Society Conference, 1993.

This open-trial clinical study utilized 33 autistic individuals. Participants were assessed using multiple measures prior to (two baseline measures), and at 1-week, 1-month, and 3 months following AIT. The measures included: ABC-1, BSE, CARS, CPRS, FAPC, and SIBQ. Significant improvement was seen on all of the measures, except the FAPC, at the one- and three-month follow-up assessment periods.

BERARD METODU NASIL OLUYOR DA ETKÄ° EDÄ°YOR?

Berard Metodunun nasıl etki ettiğine ve etkiyi nasıl oluşturduğuna dair bugün bazı araştırmacılar tarafından ileri sürülen tezlere bakarsak, kulak, burun ve boğaz doktoru Guy Berard’ın bu düşünce ve tezleri çok önceden, 1960’lı yıllarda kitabında açıkladığını görüyoruz. Bu konuda ön görüyle 1960’larda yaptığı klinik çalışmalar sırasında, bugün üniversitelerde araştırılan ve bilim dünyasında kabul gören hipotezini kurmuştur.. HER TÜRLÜ BAŞARIMIZ ÇEVREMİZDEKİ SESLERİ ALGILAMAMIZA BAĞLIDIR!

ÇEVREYLE İLETİŞİMİMİZDE VE GÜNLÜK HAYATTA BAŞARILI OLMAMIZ DIŞARIDAN GELEN SESLERİ NASIL ALGILADIĞIMIZA BAĞLIDIR!
Aynı zamanda ÖĞRENMEDE SAĞ KULAĞIN ÖNEMİNİ anladı.

1967’de Doreen Kimura’nın sağ kulak üzerine yaptığı araştırmalar sonucunda ulaştığı fikir de aynı olduğundan Berard’ı destekliyordu. REA (Right Ear Advantage = Sağ Kulak Tercihi), SAĞ KULAK KONUŞMADAKİ ÇABUK ALGILAMAYI SAĞLADIĞINDAN ÖĞRENMEDE EN ÖNEMLİ UNSURDUR! Kimura, Doreen (1967), “Functional Asymmetry of the Brain in Dichotic Listening,” Cortex, 3, 163-178.

Daha sonraları bu konudaki çalışmaları görüyoruz.

Bunlardan bazıları şunlardır: 1989 yılında Jensen ve Johansen tarafından yapılan çalışma: "Unilateral sensorineural hearing loss in children and auditory performance with respect to right/left ear differences" (Br J Audiol. 1989 Aug;23(3):207-13). Açıklamalarında, algıda sağ kulağını kullanma alışkanlığı olan çocukların, sol kulağını kullananlara göre okulda çok daha başarılı oldukları belirtilmiştir. Ayrıca, sol kulak alışkanlıklı algıyı kullanan çocukların konuşmalardan ve çevreden duyulan seslerden rahatsız olup dikkatlerinin dağıldığı da vurgulanmaktadır.

2004 yılında Sinninger & Cone-Wesson çok önemli bir görüş öne sürdüler: "Asymmetric cochlear processing mimics hemispheric specialization" (Science. 2004 Sep 10;305(5690):1581). 3000 bebek üzerinde işitsel testlerle yapılan araştırmada sağ kulağın özel görevinin konuşma dili olduğu sonucuna varıldı.

Sol kulak ise tonlar üzerineydi. Aynı zamanda bu özellik, daha önceleri beynin içinde oluştuğu zannedilirken, aslında doğrudan kulakta oluştuğu anlaşılan bir özellikti.

Kimura’nın REA hakkındaki tezi, 5 yıl sonra projeye alındı ve doğrudan çocuklarla bilimsel olarak 3 proje halinde çalışıldı. Tommasi & Marzoli’nin “Side biases in humans (Homo sapiens): three ecological studies on hemispheric asymmetries” (Naturwissenschaften, 2009; DOI: 10.1007/s00114-009-0571-4) adlı araştırmasında, sağ kulaktan alınan verimin fazlalığı görülürken, sol zihne en kısa yoldan gitmenin yararının konuşma ve dil hızını artırmasının yanı sıra işitsel algıyı da hızlandırdığı belirtildi. Bu nedenle çocuklar, ebeveynlerin ilk söyleyişlerinde işitmeyi bilinçli dinlemeye dönüştürdüler.

Öğrenme güçlüğü ile işitsel algı arasındaki bağı Berard çok önceleri keşfetmişti. Daha bu yıl, 2013’te Nina Kraus tarafından yayımlanan “J. Hornickel, N. Kraus. Unstable Representation of Sound: A Biological Marker of Dyslexia” (Journal of Neuroscience, 2013; 33 (8): 3500, DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4205-12.2013) adlı çalışmada, Nina Kraus öğrenme ile zihnin seslerin şifresini çözmesi arasında bağ olduğunu yazmıştır.

Hayes EA, Warrier CM, Nicol TG, Zecker SG, Kraus N tarafından 2003 yılında yapılan çalışma (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12686276) “Neural plasticity following auditory training in children with learning problems” başlığını taşımaktadır. Bu projeden çıkan sonuca göre, öğrenme güçlüğü yaşayan çocukların işitsel algı eğitiminden sonra, fonemin (konuşma sesinin) nöron şifresindeki esnekliğin arttığı ve bu sayede olumsuz davranışların olumluya dönüştüğü gözlemlenmiştir. Eğitimde kullanılan bilgisayar programlarının, bu çocuklarda işitsel nöronal plastisiteyi artırdığı belirlenmiştir.

Nadine Gaab, 2007 yılında yaptığı çalışmada, okuma-yazma güçlüğü (disleksi) yaşayan çocuklarda konuşma için gerekli olan hızlı algılamanın eksikliğinin bulunduğunu ve bu durumun işitsel algı eğitimi ile en iyi duruma getirilebileceğini ifade etmiştir. Çalışmanın detayları “Sound Training Rewires Dyslexic Children’s Brains” başlığı altında yayımlanmıştır. (http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/10/071030114055.htm/)

Nina Kraus, 2013 yılındaki çalışmalarında zihnin seslerin şifresini çözümünde önemli bir bağlantı olduğunu göstermiştir. “J. Hornickel, N. Kraus. Unstable Representation of Sound: A Biological Marker of Dyslexia,” Journal of Neuroscience, 2013; 33 (8): 3500 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4205-12.2013/ çalışmasında, işitsel algı eğitimi sayesinde fonemlerin beynin kodlama sürecinde daha iyi ve stabil bir konuma geldiği, bu sayede disleksi gibi öğrenme güçlüklerinde olumlu etkiler gözlemlendiği vurgulanmıştır.

1960’lı yıllarda Berard, keşfettiği ve geliştirdiği İşitsel Algı Eğitimi’nin etkin olabilmesi için çok önemli bir noktaya dikkat çekmiştir: Zihnin sürprizle karşılaşması gerekliliği. Yani, işitsel algı eğitimi alan kişinin, karşılaştığı beklenmedik değişiklikler sayesinde zihninde yeni sinirsel yolların kurulması sağlanır. Bu süreç, ebeveynlerin üzerinde durduğu ve hedeflediği olumlu davranış değişikliklerinin ortaya çıkmasında temel rol oynar. Berard’a göre, bu sürpriz unsuru, işitsel algı eğitimini sadece pasif bir eğitim olmaktan çıkarıp, zihinsel plastisiteyi tetikleyen aktif bir öğrenme sürecine dönüştürür.

Josef Rauschecker 2012 yılında yaptığı çalışmada şunu göstermiştir: Motor hareketleri düzenleyen beyin bölgeleri, manyetik rezonans görüntüleme (MR) ile incelendiğinde, kişilerin ilk kez karşılaştığı yeni müziği dinlerken sürpriz etkisiyle bu bölgelerde büyük oranda bir aktivasyon ve değişim gözlemlenmiştir. Ancak, kişilerin daha önce tanıdığı, bildiği müziği dinlediklerinde ise motor hareketlerle ilgili bu tür bir değişiklik görülmemiştir. Bu bulgu, yeni ve beklenmedik işitsel uyaranların beynin motor sistemlerini bile etkileyebileceğini, dolayısıyla sürprizin beyin aktivitesini geniş çapta tetikleyerek öğrenme ve algı süreçlerinde önemli rol oynadığını ortaya koymaktadır.

İLGİLİ BAŞKA MAKALELER

Theories of Auditory Integration Training an OVERVIEW by Michael MacCarthy

Reprinted by permission from Marcialyn (Marcy) McCarthy, M.A. Michael R. McCarthy is a developmental psychologist and his wife Marcy McCarthy has a Masters degree in Special Education with an emphasis in early childhood.

Auditory Integration Training is a foundational therapy that trains and coordinates the efforts of the ear and the audio-recipient structures in the brain. This approach was developed by Dr. Guy Berard who was inspired by the work of Dr. Alfred Tomatis.

THE HUMAN AUDITORY SYSTEM

This is a highly specialized system, which is capable of a wide range of functional plasticity and a great deal of potential to acquire different phonetic systems. (Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Lutz Jäncke (Project Leader) at the University of Zurich. In a study using functional MRI, the researchers at University of Zurich are exploring the degree to which short term influences can alter the functional neuroanatomy of the auditory system. They are investigating the activation of the auditory cortex and its adjacent cortical regions during auditory stimulation. The scientists are studying the auditory cortices of musicians and non-musicians. They hypothesize that the human auditory cortex is highly plastic and capable of adapting to long-term auditory stimulation. This is important research since with Auditory Integration Training, our goal is to change how the brain processes sounds. We use randomized music to present the brain with unpredictable and novel sounds to process. Our clinical evidence indicates that Auditory Integration Training has a profound effect on the brain’s rate of processing sounds.

DESCRIPTION OF AUDITORY INTEGRATION TRAINING

Auditory Integration Training, using the Berard method is a 10 day program designed to improve language comprehension, clarify hearing and reduce hearing sensitivities.

Each day of Auditory Integration Training consists of 2 thirty-minute sessions. Clients wear studio quality headphones and listen to “music” that sounds like it’s been stirred up in the blender. That’s called “randomization.”

The idea is to make the “music” move. The brain learns through movement. In order to understand the process, think of movement in terms of fluctuating frequencies and fluctuating volumes of sounds. Auditory Integration Training influences changes in brain operation by presenting the ears with fluctuating sounds, which heightens the brain’s attention to flow along the auditory pathways of the brain.

When the brain hears these mixed up and novel sounds, it has to switch gears to a more attentive state.

Over and over again the brain has to sort and re-assemble the sound segments. As this is happening inside the brain, many brain structures get practice in communicating with adjacent brain structures in a new series of circuitry and by making new connections.

This information flow is what the brain considers to be movement – in a synaptic sense. This neuronal activity allows the individual to experience a heightened awareness of sound processing. During the sessions, the brain is practicing a series of new levels of attentional states.

FOUR ELEMENTS THAT PERTAIN DIRECTLY TO HUMAN NATURE AND THE BRAIN

As I have observed individuals throughout 13 years of practice in the field of Auditory Integration Training, four categories of brain functioning have come to mind: Neuroplasticity: This is the recognition that change happens in the brain according to experiences that therapies and learning provide to it. Plasticity isn’t possible without sufficient attention. Neuroplasticity is the ability of the brain to shape or mold itself by expansion or contraction of neuronal processes due to injury, electrical activities, or chemical stimulation. It depends upon structural change in the neuron. Attention: This is the brain’s response to the world around it and its attempt to encounter the world and its elements. Motivation: This is the emotional side of attention. E-motion is motion outward – it is interactional. It’s the brain’s attempt to initiate action or movement. This is a purposeful emotional state which often leads to interaction with another person or thing. Movement: The means by which the brain learns more about its world. Movement provides the brain and the individual with an opportunity to adjust to input. It is one of the outcomes of motivation and emotional curiosity. Many times, movement attempts to find stasis. Think of movement as information flow along neuronal pathways.

HISTORY OF AUDITORY INTEGRATION TRAINING

It was developed by Dr. Berard in France nearly 35 years ago. Berard’s method is based upon the work of Alfred Tomatis. The Tomatis style of Auditory Training is a longer, less intense experience compared to the Berard method. The Berard method was introduced to the US in the very late 1980s and was initially embraced by autism support groups through the work of Annabel Stehli, who wrote Sound of a Miracle and later authored a series of anecdotal accounts called Dancing in the Rain. Berard AIT was initially developed for those who had sensitive or painful hearing.

NEURO-FUNCTIONAL DEFICITS IN AUTISM – AUSTIC SPECTRUM DISORDER (ASD)

There are 4 neuro-functional deficits in autism, according to Lyn Waterhouse at Trenton State College: The first is a problem with the hippocampus (memory center), too much cell-packing. It’s inefficient and this means that there’s too much fragmentation. The second is that the center of the limbic system, the amygdala is not assigning significance to events as they happen. The third the oxytocin system is faulty and does not allow sufficient bonding and affiliative behavior. The fourth is too much attention. Over-processing of meaningless data. There is a problem with the temporal & parietal lobes. Ratey 326 Remember the importance of the spectrum factor, these deficits and symptoms will array themselves along a range of degree of intensity. Therefore, there is a range of effectiveness of therapies for different people, different degrees of effectiveness. 

HOW LONG DOES AUDITORY INTEGRATION TRAINING LAST?

For many people one time through Auditory Integration Training is sufficient. For people on the autism spectrum or those with severe forms of sensory integration disorder, they may find themselves repeating sessions. Most of the people with mood disorder find one time through to be sufficient; however, Berard found that those with severe depression, especially with suicidal tendencies, should go through multiple times.

OUTCOMES OF AUDITORY INTEGRATION TRAINING

Some of the outcomes of Auditory Integration Training are better attention, better listening, more motivation to engage in social communication,fewer overt symptoms of depression, better eye contact, better sensory integration, and better balance and coordination.

No brain really WANTS to change, so while a person is undergoing Auditory Integration Training, some adverse reactions may show up in terms of behaviors and visceral responses. There may be some over-activity, some fatigue, and increase or decrease in appetite, more irritability, some nausea, as a result of possible vestibular disturbance.

The unfamiliar, unpredictable stimulus of randomized “music” leads itself to brain disturbance, which leads to a reorganization of neurons and re-routing of information across many structures of the brain. Twenty half hour practice sessions, give plenty of practice in moving around the new routes and leads to new attentional levels in the brain. Attention in the brain gains new vistas.

ROUTING AUDITORY INPUT

The brain breaks incoming data into tiny bits. It distributes these pieces to different departments and then reassembles them, collecting other useful pieces of information along the way that relate to our past experiences and even what we WANT to hear.

http://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/medicine/anatomy/EAROBJEC.htm

The sound signals are actually registered as pressure changes, like vibrations, that hit the eardrum & move the little bones in the ear. They travel further into the ear to the cochlea – shaped like a seashell – a spiral container filled with hair cells that bend as they are vibrated. Each of the 15,000 hair cells responds to particular frequencies at particular loudness. Ratey 91 The hair cell motion is converted into electrical signals that fire neurons. Each hair cell is sensitive to a limited frequency range.

Our brains actually SHAPE what we hear.

There are more neural networks extending FROM the brain TO the ears than are coming from the ears to the brain. Ratey 93

http://www.conradsimon.org/AuditorySystem.shtml

Layer upon layer of sound units pile up and beg to be registered by a whole array of brain departments. The brain develops “models” of what it expects to hear – phonemes, words, or music.

Those who are dyslexic or who have a condition called Central Auditory Processing Disorder, CAPD, must be continually surprised at what they hear. Their phonemic models continually break down. This leads to a sort of communication traffic jam. Ratey 93

THE EAR

First the ear processes the sounds. Then the information is broken down & channeled to the brainstem, through the auditory nerve. This nerve has 25,000 nerve fibers – which are not many compared to the nerve bundles for vision and touch. The nerves are always fired up, ready to take information to the right spots in the brain.

http://www.conradsimon.org/AuditorySystem.shtml

THE BRAINSTEM

The brainstem sorts its pieces of information by tone and timbre or quality of the piece of sound. The brainstem preserves the sound and starts to distinguish the sets of sounds as phonemes, that don’t carry any meaning in themselves. (Ratey, 1994) The medulla examines the vibrations for spatial characteristics. (Ratey, 1994) We maintain mental maps in our cortex to estimate WHERE the sound comes from – per research that has come out from Michael Graziano at Princeton University. (Ratey, p. 113)

OLIVARY STUDY - HEARING NEAR & FAR

The brainstem sends the sound vibrations to the superior olivary to figure out that louder sounds are closer. Here is where it is interesting to bring in information from Scientific American Feb 2000 article on autism by Patricia Rodier. She notes that in autopsy studies that people with autism have a “disappeared” superior olivary!!!! She notes that there are other physical characteristics and brain measurement anomalies with people with autism.

The olivaries send messages to the midbrain and this coordinates the body’s reflexes and reactions. The superior colliculus in the midbrain is crucial for integrating sensory information from the sensory information systems. It tries to bring about a unified response to experiences. Ratey 94. The superior olivary has a lot to do with timing. It interprets information from both ears.

THE JOURNEY CONTINUES

From the superior colliculus, the auditory impulses travel to the thalamus and then to the primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe. This links it to the secondary auditory cortex and that structure connects to other parts of the brain which coordinate hearing with memories and awareness. As the signals travel to the medial geniculate bodies (in the thalamus), the signal is divided between 2 types of cells: the parvocellular and the magnocellular cells. The magnocellular process the rapidly incoming sounds & send them to the auditory cortex.

http://pages.unibas.ch/dmr/mr_physik/research/fMRI/auditory/main.htm

AUDITORY CORTEX

By the time the sound signals arrive in the cortex, the columns of neurons there are sensitive to specific differences in sound frequencies and changes in frequencies and cause different columns to fire. Then the cortex must do a comparison between the patterns generated by the columns of neurons with the stored patterns with which it’s already familiar. Ratey 94/95.

LONG TRIP

As you can see there’s a very complicated route that these signals must travel. Auditory impulses travel across a large neural landscape. The left and the right sides of the brain must work together to discriminate complex sounds. The right side examines the sounds for harmonies and relationships between close sounds. The left side compares auditory information with the language centers. Ratey 95/96.

BROCA'S AREA

Broca’s Area is located in the left frontal lobe near the primary motor cortex. Paula Tallal (FastForWord fame) has found that fast processing of speech takes place in Broca’s area of the Left Hemisphere. Broca’s area is thought of as the controller of the motor cortex (controller of voice box and tongue). Apparently speech has a great deal to do with the movement regions of the brain. Ratey 97

In the 1990’s, researcher Michael Merzenich at the University of California (San Francisco) found in animal research that auditory inputs have the power to change the brain. By altering sound input, they found changes happening in the auditory cortices of monkeys’ brains – this factor changed the rate at which the brain processes sounds.

When Merzenich and Tallal put their research together, they discovered that children with specific language impairment construct their auditory cortex from faulty inputs. They found these children take as long as 1/3 to 1/5 of a second to decode mini sound segments, this is as long as it takes neuro-typicals to process SYLLABLES. One factor in the specific language impairments was the number & intensity of ear infections. Schwartz & Begley

Auditory Integration Training, like many other therapies helps to bring new dimension to the brain and how the brain operates. I like to think that it makes the brain more efficient.

CHANGES IN AUDITION

In 1999 there was research performed by Rainer Klinke at the Physiologisches Institute of Frankfurt, Germany. He tested the effects of cochlear implants on a group of 3 to 4 month old kittens who had been born deaf. Brain imaging showed that the unstimulated auditory nervous system in the deaf kitties had not developed like normal cats. After the implants, the kitties began to respond to sounds in the same way cats born with normal hearing did.

Not surprisingly, their auditory ciritces change too. Within a short time the size of the region of the auditory cortex that responded to sound had increased. The strength of the electrical signals in the auditory cortex rose and measures of information processing in the cortex increased as well. Schwartz & Begley 192

When scientists remove the cochlea of lab animals in one ear soon after birth, the number and size of auditory neurons in the brainstem are reduced. But this effect can be reversed again by providing sensory input. For instance, with congenitally deaf children given cochlear implants (which bypass the damaged sensory hair cells of the inner ear) and carry acoustic signals directly to the cortex of the brain, the sudden onset of sensory – in this case auditory – input leads to nearly perfect speaking and hearing as well as individuals with normal language development. Schwartz & Begley 125

THE BRAIN AND SOME VALUABLE BRAIN STATISTICS

Here are some interesting statistics about the brain:
The brain is the greediest organ of the body.
It burns oxygen & glucose at 10 times the rate of all other body tissues – at rest!
The brain is only 2.5% of the total body weight, but is responsible for 20% of the energy consumed when the body is at rest. Greenfield 27
The brains of children between the ages of 3 and 10 consume two times as much of the blood nutrient glucose as those of adults. Ratey 35
The brains of children are less efficient and therefore need more fuel.
Auditory neurons appear in the first 3 weeks after conception.
Auditory centers in the brainstem emerge by 13 weeks of gestation.

The brain is vital for processing and coordinating information that floods through the senses. The outputs of the brain are expressed as movements (muscular and neural). Greenfield 33 All human communication relies on movement whether its body language, how the lips, tongue and mouth move when speaking or in physical gestures, (like a hug).

Neurons actually anticipate signals – that is – they are primed to expect the same old kind of signal. But when they get a new intensity of signal or a new nuance of signal, they perceive the input as new & quite disturbing. Greenfield 33 This disturbance is good, since it leads to reorganization. Ratey 56 A baby’s brain contains something on the order of 100 billion nerve cells. Each neuron makes an average of 2,500 connections or synapses. The connectivity peak may be 15,000 synapses by the time the child is 2 or 3 & then the system goes through a period of “pruning.” The synapses that stay are more efficient and carry traffic more reliably. The motto of neurons is survival of the busiest. The adult brain boasts about 100 trillion synapses, some estimates go as high as 1,000 trillion. Schwartz & Begley 117

MOVEMENT AND THE BRAIN

Movement is a very important factor in brain development. It’s important for most brain functions, like memory, emotion, language and learning, cognition and to behavior. Ratey 148 You will hear about the cerebellum anytime you hear about movement and the brain. The cerebellum coordinates physical movement, as well as the movement of thoughts.

The brain circuits that control, sequence and time mental acts are the same circuits that are used to control or order, sequence & time physical acts. Ratey 148/149 Motor activity takes place in 3 stages: We analyze the incoming data (either external or internal) We formulate & monitor a response plan – this is the stage that involves thought-processing. It is here at this sequencing stage that involves organizing the serial order of information & integrating this information with the previously learned data. We execute the plan

We can surmise that exercise can produce chemical changes that give us stronger, healthier & happier brains. We must not forget to view PLAY as a motor activity – it helps learning & social relationships develop. PLAY is an activity that gives children a sense of mastery & is rewarding. Play as a motor activity prepares us for later adult social interactions. Ratey 176/177

MOTION AND MOVEMENT OF INFORMATION

The entire front half of the brain is devoted to organizing action – physical & mental. The frontal cortex is the most interconnected part of the brain. Ratey 148 The primary motor cortex & the premotor cortex are located here. Ratey 156 This is where our “self-awareness” lies. It is driven by motor neurons. Another actor is the cerebellum as mentioned before. The cerebellum heavily influences the cortex. Ratey 151

The sensory cortex located just behind the primary motor area gathers additional data about our thoughts, past experiences, emotions and stored memories, which gives our movements & actions extra meaning, and complexity. Ratey 157

Motor function happens under the influence of attention & emotion. Our brains constantly use attention and emotion to determine what is important & what is not. This ability determines whether we survive. The feedback loop is extra tight between the motor system and the attentional and emotional circuits. Ratey 171

MUSIC EQUATED WITH MOTION

Music makes both sides of the brain work interdependently. The left side is better at targeting the succession of sounds – the rhythm. The right side works on elements of timbre – sound quality.

Henri Platel (from the University of Caen, France) used PET scans to study non-musical men as they listened to classical music and the random sequences of musical notes. He found that Broca’s area was activated when his subjects listened to classical (well-known) pieces of music. Ratey 97
Do you want me to help you with something related to this text? Would you like a summary, translation, or something else?
The prefrontal cortex occupies itself with task related memory and planning.
The parietal cortex involved itself with bodily and environmental awareness
The anterior cingulate is concerned with motivation.
The cerebellum and the basal ganglia center their efforts with habit formation and coordination of movement. Schwartz & Begley 331

BRAIN SYSTEMS

It’s important to think of the brain as a series of systems, overlaid and inter-related. The cerebellum plays an important role in motor memory. Ratey 204 Eric Courschene is a well known researcher whose work in autism autopsy studies has shown that there is a reduction and disarray in the number of Purkinje neurons in the cerebellums of people with autism. These are filtering neurons; they have much to do with the information that leaves the cerebellum to make its way to the frontal cortex. Ratey 307

This deficit in the function of the cerebellum has a great effect on how the world may be perceived by a person with autism. The world may look very chaotic and incoherent. The cerebellum has a big job of coordinating the incoming visual, auditory and somatosensory information. Depending on how the information is filtered on its outgoing trip to the higher parts of the brain, the ability to shift attention from one sensory issue to the next is in peril.

The cerebellum is recently been implicated in how one functions socially. It is an important area of the brain as the cerebellum is a star player in cognition. The cerebellum is a major association center a major switchboard in regulating attentional states. Ratey 305

The brain relies upon a sensitive system of feedback loops. For instance, motor memory is achieved with a very sophisticated feedback system. Ratey 179 In order for effective motor memories to operate the frontal cortex plans & organizes the events, while depending upon the basal ganglia & hippocampus to store memories in long-term storage banks. Ratey 205/206 The frontal lobe is termed the brain’s executive function.

AUDITORY INTEGRATION TRAINING OUTCOMES AND BRAIN NEUROPLASTICITY: NEUROPLASTICITY & THE CHANGING LANDSCAPE OF ATTENTION IN THE BRAIN
Sensory input in itself is not responsible for brain change. The most important factor is the attentional state. Research by Michael Merzenich in 1993 indicates that passive stimulation doesn’t do the job of changing the brain circuits. When monkeys listened to specific frequencies – auditory cortex landscape enlarged, but when the monkeys were distracted, they lost circuitry strength & landscape. Schwartz & Begley

For people with autism, information is unfiltered, poorly routed and they are unable to “pay attention.” The sensory information speeds along too fast for them to catch and process. Ratey 78 Sensory integration must be intact in order for the perception of the world to make sense. Ratey 82 This is the ability of the brain to make new connections and assume new roles. Plasticity follows an increase or decrease in sensory input.

Neuroplasticity is concerned with taking over unused regions of the brain or remodeling the whole landscape. Schwartz & Begley The simple act of paying attention can make physical changes within the brain. Attention is influenced by the limbic system & importantly the amygdala. Ratey 121 Experience molds the brain, but only a brain that pays attention. Neuroplasticity or cortical reorganization is use induced. Schwartz & Begley Cells that fire together, wire together, strengthening the synaptic routings. This means that the cells must “practice together” over and over again. Schwartz & Begley 107

MOTIVATION AND EMOTION

Emotion is movement outward. It conveys our important internal states and needs. Ratey 227/228 The limbic system is an incredibly interconnect circuitry which is the launching point for emotions. The upper cortex and the limbic system are in continuous feedback loop status. Ratey 228
Motivation is a process the ties emotion & action.
Motivation is the director of emotions.
Motivation is the pressure to act. Ratey 247

BIBLIOGRAPHY
A User’s Guide to the Brain, Perception, Attention & the Four Theatres of the Brain, by John J. Ratey, MD The Mind and the Brain, Neuroplasticity & the Power of Mental Force, by Jeffrey M. Schwartz, MD & Sharon Begley, published by Regan Books The Secret Life of the Brain by Richard Restak, MD published by Joseph Henry Press The Human Brain, A Guided Tour, by Susan A. Greenfield, Published by Basic Books Mapping the Mind by Rita Carter, Published by University of California Press The Early Origins of Autism New research into the causes of this baffling disorder is focusing on genes that control the development of the brain by Patricia M. Rodier Scientific American, Feb 2000

Reprinted by permission from Marcialyn (Marcy) McCarthy, M.A. Michael R. McCarthy is a developmental psychologist and his wife Marcy McCarthy has a Masters degree in Special Education with an emphasis in early childhood.

http://www.researchgate.net/publication/228349539_

Training-related_changes_in_the_brain_evidence_from_human_auditory-evoked_potentials

Training-Related Changes in the Brain:

Evidence from Human Auditory-Evoked

Potentials

Kelly L.Tremblay, Ph.D.,/assoc prof/

ABSTRACT

Auditory-evoked potentials are being used to examine trainingrelated

changes in the human central auditory system, and there is converging

evidence that focused listening training, using various training methods

and different types of stimuli alters evoked neural activity. Such training related

changes are often described in terms of physiological plasticity, a

process whereby the neural representation of the acoustic cue is modified

with training. In this review, the concept of plasticity is discussed from a

broader perspective. Specifically addressed is how electrophysiological

methods are being used to study physiological modifications that occur

with training, and how this information might contribute to the rehabilitation of people who wear hearing aids and cochlear implants.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166432804001809

Auditory training improves neural timing in the human brainstem
Nicole M. Russoa, b, c, , ,
Trent G. Nicola, c,
Steven G. Zeckerc,
Erin A. Hayesa, b, c,
Nina Krausa, b, c, d, e

The auditory brainstem response reflects neural encoding of the acoustic characteristic of a speech syllable with remarkable precision. Some children with learning impairments demonstrate abnormalities in this preconscious measure of neural encoding especially in background noise.

This study investigated whether auditory training targeted to remediate perceptually-based learning problems would alter the neural brainstem encoding of the acoustic sound structure of speech in such children. Nine subjects, clinically diagnosed with a language-based learning problem (e.g., dyslexia), worked with auditory perceptual training software. Prior to beginning and within three months after completing the training program, brainstem responses to the syllable /da/ were recorded in quiet and background noise. Subjects underwent additional auditory neurophysiological, perceptual, and cognitive testing. Ten control subjects, who did not participate in any remediation program, underwent the same battery of tests at time intervals equivalent to the trained subjects.

Transient and sustained (frequency-following response) components of the brainstem response were evaluated. The primary pathway afferent volley – neural events occurring earlier than 11 ms after stimulus onset – did not demonstrate plasticity. However, quiet-to-noise inter-response correlations of the sustained response (~11–50 ms) increased significantly in the trained children, reflecting improved stimulus encoding precision, whereas control subjects did not exhibit this change. Thus, auditory training can alter the preconscious neural encoding of complex sounds by improving neural synchrony in the auditory brainstem. Additionally, several measures of brainstem response timing were related to changes in cortical physiology, as well as perceptual, academic, and cognitive measures from pre- to post-training.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2790306

Unilateral sensorineural hearing loss in children: cognitive abilities with respect to right/left ear differences

Hartvig Jensen J1, Borre S, Johansen PA.

Br J Audiol. 1989 Aug;23(3):215-20.Abstract

Thirty children (age 10 16 years) suffering from unilateral hearing loss (UHL) were matched with a control group and examined by a battery of psychological tests (verbal and non-verbal subtests) in order to investigate a possible right or left ear difference on cognitive functions. The results confirm that right ear impaired children perform significantly poorer than their left ear impaired counterparts especially in verbal subtests that are sensitive to minor input/processing damages. The data obtained suggest that right ear impaired children are at risk in the educational system.

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/12/111221140340.htm

Altered Low-Gamma Sampling in Auditory Cortex Accounts for the Three Main Facets of Dyslexia- Listen up: Abnormality in auditory processing underlies dyslexia

Katia Lehongre, Franck Ramus, Nadège Villiermet, Denis Schwartz, Anne-Lise Giraud, 2012

Neuron, 2011; 72 (6) / ScienceDaily (Oct. 30, 2007) — Some children with dyslexia struggle to read because their brains aren’t properly wired to process fast-changing sounds, according to a brain-imaging study published in the journal Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience. The study found that sound training via computer exercises can literally rewire children’s brains, correcting the sound processing problem and improving reading.

According to the study’s first author, Nadine Gaab, PhD, of the Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience at Children’s Hospital Boston, the finding may someday help clinicians diagnose dyslexia even before reading begins, and suggests new ways of treating dyslexia, such as musical training.

Children with developmental dyslexia confuse letters and syllables when they read. The idea that they may have an underlying problem processing sound was introduced by Paula Tallal, PhD, of Rutgers University in the 1970s, but it has never been tested using brain imaging. Gaab used functional MRI imaging (fMRI) to examine how the brains of 9- to 12-year old children with developmental dyslexia, and normal readers, responded to sounds, both before and after using educational software called Fast ForWord Language, designed in part by Tallal, a co-author on the study.

Gaab first tested how the children’s brains responded to two types of sounds: fast-changing and slow-changing. These sounds were not language, but resembled vocal patterns found in speech. As Gaab watched using brain fMRI, the children listened to the sounds through headphones. The fast-changing sounds changed in pitch or other acoustic qualities quickly—over tens of milliseconds—as in normal speech. By contrast, slow-changing sounds changed over only hundreds of milliseconds.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19543876

Side biases in humans (Homo sapiens): three ecological studies on hemispheric asymmetries-Need Something? Talk To My Right Ear

2009 Marzoli D1, Tommasi L.

Abstract

Hemispheric asymmetries and side biases have been studied in humans mostly in laboratory settings, and evidence obtained in naturalistic settings is scarce. We here report the results of three studies on human ear preference observed during social interactions in noisy environments, i.e., discotheques. In the first study, a spontaneous right-ear preference was observed during linguistic exchange between interacting individuals. This lateral bias was confirmed in a quasi-experimental study in which a confederate experimenter evoked an ear-orienting response in bystanders, under the pretext of approaching them with a whispered request. In the last study, subjects showed a greater proneness to meet an experimenter’s request when it was directly addressed to the right rather than the left ear. Our findings are in agreement both with laboratory studies on hemispheric lateralization for language and approach/avoidance behavior in humans and with animal research. The present work is one of the few studies demonstrating the natural expression of hemispheric asymmetries, showing their effect in everyday human behavior.

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/11/091111123600.htm

New Brain Findings On Dyslexic Children: Good Readers Learn From Repeating Auditory Signals, Poor Readers Do Not

Nina Kraus et al, Northwestern University 2009

Summary:

The vast majority of school-aged children can focus on the voice of a teacher amid the cacophony of the typical classroom thanks to a brain that automatically focuses on relevant, predictable and repeating auditory information, according to new research. But for children with developmental dyslexia, the teacher’s voice may get lost in the background noise of banging lockers, whispering children, playground screams and scraping chairs, the researchers say.

http://linc.georgetown.edu/

The Beatles' Surprising Contribution To Brain Science

Josef HYPERLINK http://linc.georgetown.edu/people/rauschecker.html”Rauschecker of Georgetown University, 2012

Brain scans showed that motor areas became active when people were hearing something new. But these motor areas were relatively quiet when people heard familiar notes.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-22096764

The element of surprise in music

Dr Valorie Salimpoor,Rotman Research Institute,Toronto 2013

But music is abstract: It’s not like you are really hungry and you are about to get a piece of food and you are really excited about it because you are going to eat it – or the same thing applies to sex or money – that’s when you would normally see activity in the nucleus accumbens

But what’s cool is that you’re anticipating and getting excited over something entirely abstract – and that’s the next sound that is coming up.

New tunes – The researchers found that the nucleus accumbens was also interacting with another region of the brain called the auditory cortical stores.http://www.clinph-journal.com/article/S1388-2457%2802%2900414-5/abstract?cc=y

Neural plasticity following auditory training in children with learning problems

http://www.clinph-journal.com/article/S1388-2457%2802%2900414-5/abstract?cc=y

EA Hayes, CM Warrier, TG Nicol, SG Zecker… – Clinical …, 2003 – Elsevier

Objective: This study examined the plasticity of the central auditory pathway and
accompanying cognitive changes in children with learning problems. Methods: Children
diagnosed with a learning disability and/or attention deficit disorder worked with

jslhr.pubs.asha.org/article.aspx?articleid=1780934

Auditory training induces asymmetrical changes in cortical neural activity

KL Tremblay, N Kraus' Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing …, 2002 – ASHA

Pre-attentive cortical evoked potentials reflect training-induced changes in neural activity
associated with speech-sound training. Seven normal-hearing young adults were trained to
identify two synthetic speech variants of the syllable/ba/. As subjects learned to correctly

http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.08050757

Using neuroplasticity-based auditory training to improve verbal memory in schizophrenia

M Fisher, C Holland, M Merzenich American Journal of, 2009 Am Psychiatric Assoc

Objective: Impaired verbal memory in schizophrenia is a key rate-limiting factor for functional
outcome, does not respond to currently available medications, and shows only modest
improvement after conventional behavioral remediation. The authors investigated an

https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/abstract/10.1055/s-2002-35862

Plasticity, auditory training, and auditory processing disorders

FE Musiek, J Shinn, C Hare Seminars in hearing, 2002 thieme-connect.com

Auditory training (AT) for the treatment of auditory processing disorders (APD) has generated considerable interest recently. There is emerging evidence that well conceived AT programs can improve higher auditory function. The plasticity of the brain underlies the success of AT. This article reviews brain plasticity and the role of plasticity in AT outcomes, and highlights key studies that provide insight into the clinical use of AT for APD.

http://journals.lww.com/ear-hearing/Abstract/2001/04000/Central_Auditory_Plasticity__Changes_in_the_N1_P2.1.aspx

PDF]Training-related changes in the brain: evidence from human auditory-evoked potentials

KL Tremblay Seminars in Hearing, 2007 researchgate.net

ABSTRACT Auditory-evoked potentials are being used to examine trainingrelated changes
in the human central auditory system, and there is converging evidence that focused
listening training, using various training methods and different types of stimuli alters

http://jslhr.pubs.asha.org/article.aspx?articleid=1754795

Auditory training and speech discrimination

DL Bode, HJ Oyer Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 1970 ASHA

Thirty-two adults with sensorineural hearing loss participated in a short-term auditory
training program. The listeners were assigned to one of four matched groups which were
equivalent in pure-tone sensitivity, speech-reception threshold, PB discrimination in quiet

http://journals.lww.com/neuroreport/Abstract/2000/03200/Plastic_changes_in_the_auditory_cortex_induced_by.32.aspx

Plastic changes in the auditory cortex induced by intensive frequency discrimination training

Menning, Hans1; Roberts, Larry E.2; Pantev, Christo1,3

Neuroreport:

20 March 2000 Volume 11 Issue 4 - p 817-822

Auditory and Vestibular Systems

Abstract

The slow auditory evoked (wave Nlm) and mismatch field (MMF) elicited by sequences of pure tones of 1000 Hz and deviant tones of 1050, 1010 and 1005 Hz were measured before, during and 3 weeks after subjects were trained at frequency discrimination for 15 sessions (over 3 weeks) using an odd-ball procedure. The task of the subject was to detect deviants differing by progressively smaller frequency shifts from the standard stimulus. Frequency discrimination improved rapidly in the first week and was followed by small but constant improvements thereafter. Nlm and MMF responses to the deviant stimuli increased in amplitude during training. This enhancement persisted until training was finished, but decreased 3 weeks later. The results suggest a plastic reorganization of the cortical representation for the trained frequencies.

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/03/070307075703.htm

Nerves use sound,not electricity to transmit impulses

2005 Thomas Heimburg & Andrew Jackson:

The impulses in the neural pathways as a mechanical pulse in the form of sound pulses – a local pulse unit, a soliton, which moves concentrated without diffusing, without changing form and without losing power.